Notes: The authors used reporter assays and coimmunoprecipitation experiments to compare the zebrafish (Danio rerio) Toll-IL-1R-containing adaptor molecule 1 (TICAM1) activation of NF-κB and zebrafish type I IFN to mammalian TICAM1 activation. 293H and ZFL (zebrafish liver) cells were cotransfected with 400 ng of TICAM1 construct (mouse, zebrafish or a deletion construct), 400 ng of a reporter construct (e.g., a zebrafish IFN promoter cloned into the pGL3-Basic Vector) and 10 ng of pRL-CMV Vector, an internal control to normalize data. After 24 hours for 293H cells and 48 hours for ZFL cells, the transfected cells were lysed, and luciferase activity was measured using the Dual-Luciferase^® Reporter Assay System. For coimmunoprecipitation experiments, 293H cells were cotransfected with a total of 8µg of plasmids (3µg of zebrafish or mouse TICAM1 construct, 3µg of interacting protein construct, 1µg of the pAdVAntage™ Vector, and 1µg of antiapoptotic protein p35 construct). Forty-eight hours posttransfection, the cells were lysed, the protein bound to affinity resins and analyzed by Western blot. (3755)

Notes: To study how Hoechst33342 upregulates the expression and promoter activity of survivin, a novel member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) protein family, nested deletions of the survivin promoter driving a firefly luciferase reporter gene (pLuc-1430c ) were created. The vector was digested with SalI, the ends filled in using α-phosphorothioate dNTPs, digested a second time with BamHI and subjected to Exonuclease III digestion at 25°C. Aliquots of the 5’ end deletions were removed every 15–30 seconds, religated, transformed and analyzed by PCR and sequencing. Transient transfection experiments were carried out using HeLa cells seeded in 24-well plates and cotransfected 490ng of a pLuc-survivin construct and 10ng of pRL-TK Vector or in U937 cells using 2µg of survivin promoter constructs. After 24 hours, the HeLa cells were treated with Hoechst33342 and harvested 8–24 hours later. For U937 cells, the medium was changed with or without added drugs and the cells lysed after 36 hours. Reporter expression was assessed using the Dual-Luciferase^® Reporter Assay System. (3697)

Notes: The authors of this study investigated the downstream effects of the release of the intracellular domain of the Amyloid-β precursor protein (AICD) on cellular activities. They amplified the 5′ region of the mouse EGFR gene and cloned it into a pGL3 vector. This construct was cotransfected into embryonic fibroblasts derived from APP/APLP2 DKO mice along with a vector expressing AICD, AICD and the multidomain protein Fe65, Fe65 alone or NotchΔE, along with a Renilla control vector to normalize data for transfection efficiency. The data indicate that AICD negatively regulates transcription of the EGF Receptor gene. (3861)

Notes: The interleukin-7 receptor is composed of γ and α subunits, encoded by the genes il7rg and il7r, respectively. The α subunit is expressed in developing B cells and is downregulated upon maturation. These authors investigated the mechanisms of transcriptional regulation of the il7r gene using 5´ RACE, EMSA, RNA interference and chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses. Potential promoter regions identified by 5´ RACE analysis were cloned into the pGL3-Basic luciferase reporter vector for further study. The promoter constructs were transiently transfected into the 38B9 pro-B cell line along with the control pRL-TK Vector, which expresses Renilla luciferase, and the Dual-Luciferase^® Reporter Assay System was used to assess luciferase activity from the various promoter constructs. The promoter construct having the highest activity was chosen, and site directed mutagenesis was used to identify specific regions within the promoter fragment that may be important for activity. Sequence analysis was then used to identify a conserved Ets transcription factor binding site within the putative il7r promoter region. To determine whether the ETS transcription factor GABP binds to this Ets region, the authors performed chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis with an anti-GABP antibody. Immunoprecipitated DNA was then PCR-amplified with primers specific for the Ets region or control primers. The Wizard^® SV Gel and PCR Clean-Up System was used to purify the amplified fragments prior to semiquantitative PCR analysis. (3626)

Notes: To explore the role that accessory proteins may play in successfully expressing odorant receptors (ORs) on the cell surface of heterologous cells, the authors explored cotransfecting receptor-transporting proteins RTP1S, Ric8b and G_αolf with an N-terminally tagged OR to generate a functional and ligand-specific expression system. Three tags (Rho, FLAG or HA) were inserted into the NheI and EcoRI sites of the pCI Mammalian Expression Vector. Amplified OR orfs were cloned into the MluI and NotI sites of the tagged pCI Mammalian Expression Vector. The accessory proteins were subcloned into HA-pCI (RTP1S) or pCI (RTP1S, Ric8b, Hsc70t and G_αolf). For cotransfection, the N-terminal tagged OR vectors (0.8µg) and the accessory proteins (individually or in combination; 0.8µg) were transfected into HEK293T or Hana3A cells. The transfected cells were then subjected to immunocytochemistry, live-cell surface staining, permeabilized staining or FACS analysis. The Dual-Glo™ Luciferase Assay System was used to assess OR activation via CRE elements on a firefly luciferase vector. pRL-SV40 Vector was the internal control for cell viability and transfection efficiency. HEK293T or Hana3A cells were plated on 96-well plates, transfected with 1µg of CRE-Luc vector, 1µg of pRL-SV40 Vector, 5µg of OR and 1µg total for all accessory proteins (0.25µg each protein with pCI Mammalian Expression Vector to keep amount of plasmid constant). Twenty-four hours posttransfection, the medium was changed to CD293 chemically defined medium, incubated for 30 minutes at 37°C then replaced with 25µl of odorant solution in CD293 for a second incubation of 4 hours at 4°C. Then the reporter protein expression levels were measured by luminescence. (3687)

Notes: To examine the role that BAF57, a transcriptional modulator of the estrogen receptor (ER), may have in breast cancer, BT549 cells were transfected with a reporter vector (pGL3-Basic with two estrogen response elements and the human pS2 promoter), the control pRL-CMV Vector and combinations of the following expression vectors: mERα or hERβ, BAF57, SRC1e, SRC1a and RAC3. After 16 hours, the cells were treated with 17β-estradiol. Twenty-four hours later, the cells were harvested and the luciferase activities assayed using the Dual-Luciferase® Reporter Assay System. GST-BAF57 (full-length, N- or C-domain) fusion protein was bound to Sepharose beads and incubated with 17β-estradiol or vehicle and wildtype or one of various mERα interaction domain mutants, which have been expressed and labeled with ³⁵S methionine using a TNT® rabbit reticulocyte lysate system. The beads were washed and analyzed for bound protein. ZR-75-1 cells were transfected with BAF57 siRNA then treated with 17β-estradiol 24 hours later. Cell proliferation was measured using the CellTiter® 96 AQ_ueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay. (3599)

Notes: Igarashi et al. showed that expression of the Msx2 gene, which enodes a transcription factor, is induced by vitamin K treatment via a pregnane X receptor response element (PXRE) and by estrogen via an estrogen response element (ERE). Promoter analysis was performed by cloning the Msx2 promoters into the pGL3-Basic Vector, transfecting MC3T3 and ST2 cells with the pGL3-Basic constructs, treating the cell with 10nM 17β-estradiol and 10µM vitamin K, then measuring luciferase activity. The pRL-CMV Vector (2.5ng per well of a 12-well plate) was cotransfected to normalize for transfection efficiency. The ability of PXR to bind to the Msx2-PXRE was assessed by an avidin-biotin complex DNA assay. Sense and antisense oligonucleotides that were biotinylated at the 5´ end were annealed and immobilized with the TetraLink™ Tetrameric Avidin Resin. HEK293T cells were lysed with lysis buffer (10mM Tris-HCl [pH7.8], 1mM EDTA, 150mM NaCl, 0.1% NP-40) containing protease inhibitors, then centrifuged to clarify the extract. The supernatants were mixed with the DNA-TetraLink™ Resin to allow proteins to bind to the oligos, and resin was washed with lysis buffer. Bound proteins were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. (3805)

Notes: Previously, the POU domain of Brn-3a was shown to interact with p53 and increase cell survival. In this article, the authors explored the possibility that Brn-3b, which shares a POU domain 95% identical to Brn-3a, may interact with p53 and affect its role in apoptosis. To test the protein:protein interaction, GST-Brn-3b fusion protein was bound to glutathione Sepharose beads and incubated with ³⁵S-methionine labeled full-length or truncated p53, prepared using the TNT^® T7 rabbit reticulocyte lysate. The luciferase control included in the kit was used as the noninteracting protein control. After washing, the bound proteins were resolved by 12% SDS-PAGE, and the bands examined by radiography. To examine the effect of Brn-3b on two p53-regulated genes, Bax and p21^cip1/waf1, ND7 cells were transiently transfected with empty vector, Brn-3b, Brn-3a or p53, or Brn-3 with p53. The reporter gene cotransfected was under the control of wildtype Bax, wildtype p21^cip1/waf1, or mutant Bax. A control vector (Renilla luciferase driven by the thymidine kinase promoter) was used for normalization. Forty-eight hours posttransfection, the cells were harvested and reporter levels assessed using the Dual-Luciferase^® Reporter Assay System. (3597)

Notes: These authors used stable-isotope labeling of amino acids in culture (SILAC), a method that allows quantitation of relative protein abundance between populations, to investigate the effect of the microRNA miRNA-1 on the HeLa cell proteome. HeLa cells grown in the presence of labeled arginine and lysine were transfected with miRNA-1, and the labeled proteins compared to those from control cells treated with the transfection reagent alone. A set of 16 proteins repressed by miRNA-1 was identified. The 3´ UTR's from 11 of the miRNA-1-regulated genes were tested in a reporter assay, and 6 were shown to repress expression in an miRNA-1-dependent fashion. For the reporter assays, the HSV TK promoter was amplified from the pRL-TK Vector and subcloned into the pGL4.12(luc2CP) Vector, creating the pGL4.12-TK vector. The 3´ UTR regions from suspected target genes were then amplified and subcloned into the pGL4.12-TK construct. The various pGL4.12-TK constructs (0.9µg) were then co-transfected along with pRL-TK (0.1µg) and miRNA-1 (50pmol) into HeLa cells (80,000 cells/well in 12-well plates). Twenty-two hours post-transfection, firefly and Renilla luciferase activities were measured using the Dual-Luciferase^® Reporter Assay System. (3561)

Notes: Many cancer cells upregulate the co-signaling molecule B7-H1, conferring resistance to anti-tumor immunity. The ability of interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) to upregulate B7-H1 expression was characterized by cloning fragments of the B7-H1 promoter upstream of the firefly luciferase reporter gene in the pGL3-Basic Vector and monitoring luciferase expression using the Dual Luciferase® Reporter Assay System. Firefly luciferase measurements were normalized using Renilla luciferase (pRL-CMV Vector). Putative IRF-1 binding sites in the B7-H1 promoter were identified using the Gel Shift Assay System. RT-PCR was used to examine B7-H1 mRNA levels in interferon-γ-treated or untreated A549 cells exposed to various concentrations of IRF-1 siRNA. cDNA synthesis was performed with the ImProm-II™ Reverse Transcription System. (3451)

Notes: cAMP/PKA signaling appears to be involved in restraining cell proliferation in healthy pulmonary arteries. Expression of CREB, a transcription factor that is a primary target of PKA activity, is decreased in proliferating smooth muscle cells (SMCs) of pulmonary arteries. This study investigated the regulatory mechanisms and signaling pathways that determine the levels of CREB in SMCs. Pulmonary arteries were harvested from adult rat lungs, and SMCs were obtained and cultured. SMCs at passages 1-8 were used for studies. Proliferation of the SMCs was measured using the CellTiter^® 96 AQ_ueous Non-Radioactive Cell Proliferation Assay. Total and PDGF-stimulated PKA and PKC activities were measured using in the PepTag^® Non-Radioactive cAMP-Dependent and PKC Protein Kinase Assays. SMCs transfected with a plasmid containing a CREB-responsive promoter linked to the firefly luciferase gene were treated with PDGF or inhibitors. As a control, cells were cotransfected with a Renilla luciferase reporter plasmid. A Dual-Luciferase^® Assay was performed to determine CREB transcriptional activity. (3485)

Notes: A proline oxidase (POX) antisense vector was generated by amplifying part of the POX cDNA and ligating the product into the pCI Mammalian Expression Vector in the antisense orientation. This construct was tested and validated for blocking POX mRNA expression using RT-PCR. Both PPARγ and p53 cDNAs were also cloned into the pCI Vector. The human POX promoter sequence was amplified and cloned into the NheI and HindIII sites of the pGL3-Basic Vector to create the POX-Luc reporter construct. Using several colon cancer cell lines (HT29, LoVo, HCT116, HCT15, RKO, KM12, HCC2998 and SW620), the POX-Luc construct was co-transfected with pRL-null (to normalize transfection efficiency) plus PPARγ, p53 constructs or empty vector. A PPARγ ligand was added 10 hours post-transfection and cells harvested 24–36 hours after transfection. POX promoter luciferase activity was measured using the Dual-Luciferase^® Reporter Assay System and a TD-20/20 luminometer. (3514)

Notes: microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of endogenous short RNAs that repress gene expression. To assess miRNA-directed translational silencing, in vitro reactions were performed. Translational gene silencing by miRNAs in vitro requires target mRNAs to possess a 7-methyl G cap and a poly(A) tail. In vitro transcription was performed with 5μg of linearized plasmids containing zero, two, four, or six miCXCR4 binding sites, one siCXCR4 binding site or Renilla luciferase (pRL-TK; control mRNA) using the RiboMax™ T7 Large-Scale RNA Production kit. The mRNAs were modified by 7-methyl-G capping and polyadenylation. Translation was performed using nuclease-treated rabbit reticulocyte lysate containing 0.025pmole of mRNA with miCXCR4 or siCXCR4 binding sites, 0.025pmole Renilla control RNA, and different ratios of CXCR4 siRNA. Reaction products were separated by SDS-PAGE and visualized and quantitated by PhosphorImager analysis. (3412)

Notes: Leishmania donovani infection elicits an immune response in mice macrophages that includes the upregulation of nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2). Hamster and human macrophages do not exhibit an upregulation of NOS2 upon infection. The authors measured the activities of the NOS2 promoter in response to interferon-γ (IFNγ) and lipopolysaccharide treatment of mouse, hamster and human macrophages. The mouse, hamster and human NOS2 promoters were cloned into pGL3-Basic Vector and transfected into mouse macrophages by electroporation. Promoter activities were determined using the Dual Luciferase^® Reporter Assay System. The pRL-null Vector was used to normalize for differences in transfection efficiency (3470)

Notes: TRAP220/MED1 is amplified in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells and has been shown to interact with a number of transcription factors essential for cell growth and development including BRCA-1 and p53. TRAP220/MED1 is a subunit of the TRAP/Mediator coactivator complex. These authors used RNA interference to reduce TRAP220/MED1 expression by >90%, then microarray analysis to identify genes that were downregulated after TRAP220/MED1 depletion. One such gene was Aurora-A serine/threonine kinase. The authors created Aurora-A-firefly luciferase constructs to determine the effect of TRAP220/MED1 depletion on Aurora-A promoter activity. As a positive control, the authors used a thyroid hormone (T₃)-responsive firefly luciferase construct to show that depletion of TRAP220/MED1, which is known to play a role in nuclear receptor-mediated gene activation, interferes with thyroid hormone receptor-mediated activation of T₃-responsive genes. Luciferase reporter gene activity was measured using the Dual Luciferase Reporter Assay System, and results were normalized to Renilla luciferase expression from the pRL-TK Vector. (3607)

Notes: To examine the effect of Substance P (SP) on COX-2 expression, the COX-2 promoter region spanning –2069 to –66 bp was cloned by PCR and subcloned into the pGL3-Basic Vector (pGL3-Cox-2). Nontransformed human colonic epithelial NCM460 cells overexpressing neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R; NCM460-NK-1R) were seeded in 12-well plates and transiently transfected with pGL3-Cox-2 with either a transfection control pRL-TK Vector or siRNA or both. The siRNA molecules used were for AK1, JAK2 (Upstate Biotechnology), STAT3, STAT5, STAT6 or a control siRNA. The transfected cells were serum starved for 24 hours, treated with SP for 4 hours and then lysed. The cell extracts were measured for firefly and Renilla luciferase activities using the Dual-Luciferase^® Reporter Assay System. Relative luciferase activity was a ratio of COX-2 promoter firefly activity to Renilla activity; results were expressed as percentage of control group without SP stimulation. To mutate the STAT binding elements, the pGL3-Cox-2 construct was modified using the GeneEditor™ in vitro Site-Directed Mutagenesis System. The resulting mutant constructs were tested in the same system as the wildtype COX-2 promoter. (3520)

Notes: Monocarboxylate transporters (MCT) transport lactic acid across the cell membrane. The promoters of 4 MCT family members (MCT1, MCT2, MCT3 and MCT4), were amplified by PCR and cloned into the pGEM^®-T Easy Vector. The sequences were confirmed, and the promoters were cloned into the pGL3-Basic Vector. The Dual-Glo™ Luciferase Assay System was used to quantitate promoter activity under basal and hypoxic conditions in HeLa cells. The pRL-SV40 Vector was used to normalize for differences in transfection efficiency. (3463)

Notes: A10 rat aortic smooth muscle cells were transfected with up to four plasmids using FuGENE® 6 transfection reagent with a reagent:DNA ratio of 3:1. The amounts of plasmid DNA were 25ng of a luciferase reporter construct, 5ng of the pRL-TK control vector, 25ng of myocardin expression plasmid, varying amounts of a plasmid encoding a constitutively active Notch intracellular domain or Hairy-related transcription-factor, and enough empty pcDNA3 vector to normalize total DNA concentration in each transfection. 48 hours post-transfection, cells were harvested, and luciferase activities were measured using a dual luciferase assay from Promega. (4276)

Notes: The human lung cell line A549 and the human liver cell line were transiently transfected with 0.1µg of CYP2F1 reporter constructs and 0.001µg of pRL-TK Vector using FuGENE® 6 Reagent in 96-well plates. For cotransfection studies, cells were transfected with 0.1µg of the reporter construct, 0.002µg of pRL-TK plasmid, and 0.5 or 0.2µg of Sp1, Sp3 or empty expression vectors, with the total transfected DNA remaining at 0.2µg. Reporter activity was assessed using the Dual-Luciferase® Reporter Assay System.

SL-2 cells were seeded in 24-well plates and cotransfected with 0.3µg of CYP2F1 reporter plasmid and 0.3µg of pPac/Sp1, pPac/Sp2 or empty expression vector. The total amount of plasmid DNA used for each transfection was 0.9µg. The DNA and FuGENE® 6 were added at a 3:1 ratio. Activities were assessed using the Dual- Luciferase® Reporter Assay System.

The Gel Shift Assay System was used to identify Sp1-like sites in the promoter of the human CYP2F1 using EMSA (electromobility shift analysis). (4269)

Notes: A key component in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease is cerebral accumulation of amyloid-beta protein (Aβ). Aβ is produced by proteolysis of amyloid-β-protein precursor (APP) by ß- and gamma-secretases, thus these enzymes are considered important drug targets for Alzheimer's disease. Existing assays for assessing inhibition of alpha-, beta- and gamma-secretases include HPLC or ELISA assays that are cumbersome, expensive and not well-suited to high-throughput screening. The authors developed a luciferase reporter system to identify new molecules that inhibit APP processing. They then successfully interfaced this sensitive, specific and quantitative assay with a high-throughput screen, useful for identifying both inhibitors and stimulators of APP processing. (3775)

Notes: The authors used 5´ and 3´RACE to amplify the gene mimitin, and the resulting cDNA was cloned into the pGEM^®-T Vector. A genomic DNA fragment containing the mimitin promoter sequence was amplified by PCR and cloned into the pGEM^®-T Vector. The promoter was then cloned into the pGL3-Basic Vector. The activity of the wildtype and mutated promoters was determined using a luciferase assay. The pRL CMV Vector was used to normalize for differences in transfection efficiency. (3466)

Notes: The host gene E3L is required for vaccinia virus infection and has anti-apoptosis activity. The authors examine the ability of E3L to regulate transcription of several genes related to apoptosis, immune response and viral pathogenesis. IL-6, NF-AT, p53, NF-κB, Ap-1 and cAMP response elements were cloned upstream of a TATA box and the firefly luciferase reporter gene. Renilla luciferase (pRL-null Vector) was used to normalize for transfection efficiency. Luciferase activities were measured using the Dual Luciferase^® Reporter Assay System. The authors also show that the Z-DNA binding region of E3L is important for transcriptional regulation. HeLa cells were transfected with an expression vectors expressing full-length E3L, E3L with a deletion of the Z-DNA binding domain or E3L with point mutations in residues important for Z-DNA binding. The AccessQuick™ RT-PCR System was used to quantitate IL-6, NF-AT and p53 mRNAs; β-actin was used as a control for RNA input. (3452)

Notes: The firefly and Renilla luciferase coding regions were amplified from the pGL3 and pRL-CMV Vectors and cloned into various yeast expression vectors. Strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were transformed with these constructs and analyzed with the Dual-Luciferase^® Reporter Assay System. The authors created yeast lysates for the Dual-Luciferase^® Reporter Assay System using 1X Passive Lysis Buffer. Several factors important to assay performance as well as firefly and Renilla luciferase expression were explored, including the stability of both luciferases stored in lysates at room temperature for various periods of time, optimal culture density before lysis of transformants and the firefly luciferase half-life in S. cerevisiae. (3298)

Notes: The authors studied the effects of Embryonic Stem Cell (ESC)-specific regulation on the Pou5f1 promoter in human and mouse cells. To examine the effect of knockdown of Oct4 and Sox2 (two genes involved in ESC regulation) on the Pou5f1 promoter, a 3kb fragment of the human POU5F1 promoter was cloned into pGL3-Basic Vector and 100ng cotransfected with 100ng shRNA plasmids into mouse E14 ESCs. Five nanograms of pRL-SV40 Vector served as a transfection control. For the enhancer assay, a 461bp fragment of genomic DNA containing the SRR2 enhancer of Sox2 was amplified and cloned into the pGL3-Promoter Vector. The same amounts of plasmid, shRNA and transfection control were transfected into E14 ESCs as in the Pou5f1 promoter assay. To investigate gene knockdown in 293T cells, 5ng of the two open reading frame (ORF) constructs (the Luc-Sox2 and the Luc-Pou5f1 ORFs cloned into the psiCHECK™-2 Vector) were cotransfected with 100ng shRNA plasmid. The outcome was examined 48–60 hours post-transfection using the Dual-Luciferase^® Reporter Assay System. (3291)

Notes: Mice that overexpress Klotho exhibit an extended lifespan and delayed aging. In this study, the authors show that Klotho protein protects against oxidative stress and activates the FoxO transcription factors, inducing expression of manganese superoxide dismutase. Two luciferase constructs were made, one with luciferase under the control of the Fas ligand promoter and one under the control of the human SOD2 promoter. HeLa cells were transfected with one of the two luciferase constructs and the pRL-CMV Renilla control vector. Transfected cells were treated with or without Klotho protein, and cell lysates were analyzed using the Dual-Luciferase^® Assay. Klotho protein stimulated the activity of the Fas ligand gene promoter and the SOD2 promoter. (3667)